10 Tips for Using Research Note Cards

10 Tips for Using Research Note Cards Many teachers require students to use note cards to collect information for their first big term paper assignment. While this practice may seem old fashioned and out of date, it is actually still the best method for collecting research.   You will use research note cards to collect all the information necessary to write your term paperwhich includes the details you need for your bibliography notes. You should take extreme care as you create these note cards, because any time you leave out a single detail, you are creating  more work for yourself. You will have to visit each source again if you leave out essential information the first time around. Remember that citing every source completely and correctly is critical for success. If you dont cite a source, you are guilty of plagiarism! These tips will help you collect research and write  a successful paper. Start with a fresh pack of research note cards. Large, lined cards are probably best, especially if you want to make your own detailed personal notes. Also, consider color coding your cards by topic to keep your paper organized from the start.Devote an entire note card to each idea or note. Dont try to fit two sources (quotes and notes) on one card. No sharing space!Gather more than you need. Use the library and the Internet to find potential sources for your research paper. You should continue to research until you have quite a few potential sources- about three times as many as your teacher recommends.Narrow down your sources. As you read your potential sources, you will find that some are helpful, others are not, and some will repeat the same information you already have. This is how you narrow your list down to include the most solid sources.Record as you go. From each source, write down any notes or quotes that could be useful in your paper. As you take notes, try to paraphras e all the information. This reduces the chances of committing accidental plagiarism. Include everything. For each note you will need to record authors name, the title of reference (book, article, interview, etc.), reference publication information, to include publisher, date, place, year, issue, volume, page number, and your own personal comments.Create your own system and stick to it. For instance, you may want to pre-mark each card with spaces for each category, just to make sure you dont leave anything out.Be exact. If at any time you write down information word for word (to be used as a quote), be sure to include all punctuation marks, capitalizations, and breaks exactly as they appear in the source. Before you leave any source, double-check your notes for accuracy.If you think it might be useful, write it down. Dont ever, ever pass over information because youre just not sure whether it will be useful! This is a very common and costly mistake in research. More often than not, you find that the passed-over tidbit is critical to your paper, and then theres a go od chance  you wont find it again. Avoid using abbreviations and code words as you record notes - especially if you plan to quote. Your own writing can look completely foreign to you later. Its true! You may not be able to understand your own clever codes after a day or two, either.

Disposition Essays

Disposition Essays Disposition Essay Disposition Essay ( GBP ) 1. Disposition represents soaking up, distribution, metamorphosis, and elimination of a drug in the organic structure. Absorption is circumvented in IV Fentanyl. Plasma Fentanyl is 85 % protein-bound, adhering to acid glycoprotein chiefly because Fentanyl is basic. Merely unbound drug is transferred across membranes and eliminated. Lipophilic nature allows it to quickly administer to extremely perfused tissues, including encephalon ( readily traverse blood encephalon barrier and interacts with ? opioid receptors to give analgetic consequence ) , bosom, and lungs. Volume of distribution, 280L indicates that Fentanyl is extremely tissue-bound. Degrees in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid so decline quickly owing to redistribution of Fentanyl to ill perfused tissues like musculus and fat. [ 1 ] With drawn-out or high dose disposal, fats Acts of the Apostless as terminal and prolongs consequence by easy let go ofing Fentanyl to be redistributed to encephalon. [ 1 ] As impregnation of termin al occurs, continuance consequence of drugl approaches the length plasma half life of 4 hours. Fentanyl is extensively metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 3A4, undergoes stage 1 metamorphosis preponderantly by oxidative N-dealkylation to bring forth inactive metabolite norfentanyl, which is more H2O soluble and readily excreted in urine, therefore merely a minor sum of Fentanyl is excreted unchanged in urine. [ 2 ] Merely a little % of Fentanyl is excreted in fecal matters though this is normally negligible. [ 3 ] 2. Different preparations are available for different curative utilizations. IV fentanyl solution circumvents soaking up and beltwaies hepatic first base on balls metamorphosis. It is extensively used for anaesthesia and analgesia in surgery due to its rapid oncoming of action. [ 4 ] Fentanyl transdermic spot is used in chronic hurting direction by let go ofing drug into upper tegument beds or fats moving as terminals, which so easy spread into blood stream over 48-72 hours, holding a long plasma half life seemingly. [ 4 ] Fentanyl lozenge is used for direction of discovery hurting in malignant neoplastic disease. [ 4 ] Drug is absorbed quickly across buccal mucous membrane due to its high lipophilicity, and by avoiding hepatic first base on balls metamorphosis it has rapid oncoming of action therefore effectual for ague hurting. 3. Approximately 50 % of Fentanyl administered in lozenge is quickly absorbed from the buccal mucous membrane and becomes systemically available due to its lipophilicity and extremely vascularised, big surface country and high permeableness of the buccal pit. [ 5 ] Staying 50 % is swallowed and absorbed from tummy, so extensively undergoes hepatic first base on balls metamorphosis which cut down drug plasma degrees, holding a low bioavailability. Hence, overall observed bioavailability of fentanyl lozenge is about 65 % of the entire dosage. [ 5 ] Whereas in transdermic path, drug is delivered to bloodstream from skin beds without debasement and first base on balls metamorphosis. [ 2 ] Therefore Fentanyl lozenges are expected to hold lower bioavailability than transdermic spot. 4. Fentanyl is extensively metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 3A4. Ritonavir, a powerful cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor reduces fentanyl clearance by suppressing metamorphosis of parent drug to more H2O soluble metabolites which are to be excreted in piss. [ 6 ] Ritonavir has higher plasma protein adhering per centum than Fentanyl, it might vie and replace Fentanyl for adhering and therefore more unbound Fentanyl is available in plasma when the plasma protein gets saturated. [ 7 ] Since both drugs are weak bases, they might vie for the same conveyance system in nephritic cannular secernment for elimination and this additions and prolongs residuary fentanyl plasma degrees. [ 8 ] Thus accompaniment usage of both drugs rises fentanyl plasma degrees. 5. Fentanyl transdermic spot is designed for long-run disposal. [ 4 ] Due to its utmost lipophilicity, drug is absorbed across the tegument to blood stream. Though riddance is every bit rapid as in IV bringing, a significant sum of drug can be stored in upper tegument beds and fats during soaking up which can move as terminals to protract fentanyl plasma degrees by easy let go ofing drug to bloodsteam for a long continuance after spot remotion. [ 4 ] Therefore taking spot does non halt continued soaking up and this corresponds to the evident long Fentanyl plasma half life of about 17 hours as compared to 4 hours in IV bringing, in which upon injection Fentanyl exert a short continuance of action due to extensively being metabolized in liver and excreted in piss. [ 1 ] 6. Liver disease can impact pharmacokinetics of opioids by cut downing plasma protein binding, metabolising enzymes activity, liver blood flow, bilious elimination and nephritic clearance. [ 9 ] All these consequence in reduced first base on balls metamorphosis and longer plasma half life of drugs and therefore an abnormally high bioavailability and drug plasma degree. Hence even normal drug doses can hold unexpected terrible side effects. Accretion of opioids over safety degree in encephalon causes CNS and respiratory depression which becomes even more terrible and may precipitate coma when reaches high toxic degree. [ 10 ] Mechanism of this consequence likely involves changes in intellectual drug receptors. [ 11 ] Hence opioids should be avoided or dose reduced in patient with liver disease. Mentions 1. Barash. Clinical Anesthesia. 6th erectile dysfunction. Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins, 2009. Print. 2. Mellar P. Davis. Opioids in Cancer Pain. 2nd erectile dysfunction. USA: Oxford UP, 2009. Print. 3. Rita B. Labroo, and Mary F. Paine. Fentanyl Metabolism by Human Hepatic and Intestinal Cytochrome P450 3A4: Deductions for Interindividual Variability in Disposition, Efficacy, and Drug Interactions. Drug Metabolism And Disposition 25.No.9 ( 1997 ) : 1072-080. ASPET JOURNALS. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/25/9/1072.full gt ; . 4. Neil L. , M.D. Schechter. Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Williams A ; Wilkins, 1993. Print. 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm? id=9848 6. John Mills, erectile dysfunction. Antiviral Chemotherapy 5: New Directions for Clinical Applications and Research. 1st erectile dysfunction. Springer, 1999. Print. 7. Jesse B. Hall. Principles of Critical Care. 2nd erectile dysfunction. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1998. Print. 8. Rajesh Krishna. Applications of Pharmacokinetic Principles in Drug Development. 1st erectile dysfunction. Springer, 2003. Print. 9. D. D. Breimer. Pharmacokinetics in liver disease. Pharmacy World A ; Science 9 ( 1987 ) : 79-80. Springer Netherlands. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.springerlink.com/content/v3k70627153310tq/ gt ; . 10. Davey, P. G. Pharmacokineticss in liver disease. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21 ( 1988 ) : 1-8. OXFORD JOURNALS. Web. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/1/1 gt ; . 11. Effectss of Liver Disease on Drug Metabolism: Drugs and the Liver: Merck Manual Professional. Merck A ; Co. , Inc. We believe the most of import status is the human 1. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merck.com/mmpe/sec03/ch024/ch024b.html gt ; .

Lit 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lit 11 - Essay Example It gives numerous descriptions about significant personalities. Each piece of biography leads to a world of new information and helps the reader to understand the vital aspects, events in social and political life and the major contribution of a famous person. Supplementary notes and video clips helps the reader to arrive at a more reliable and specific conclusion about the person. Biography.com includes the biographies of great people in different areas such as art, literature, sports, film, music, politics, science and other branches of knowledge. Today’s top searches, video clippings etc are increasing the accuracy and the relevance of information. Christopher Columbus has caught the attention of the historians as a man who introduced America to the world. He was an Italian Spanish navigator born on 1451 (Christopher Columbus Biography, (Christopher Columbus Bibliography). On searching of a rout to Asia, Columbus reached America and it paved the way for great geographical explorations and inventions. The online article titled Christopher Columbus Biography, gives valuable an reliable e information about the relevance of his invention and its social, political and geographical impacts on the world. The article says; â€Å"They led directly to the opening of the western hemisphere to European colonization; to large-scale exchanges of plants, animals, cultures, and ideas between the two worlds; and, on a darker note, to the deaths of millions of indigenous American peoples from war, forced labor, and disease.† Christopher Columbus Biography, (Christopher Columbus Bibliography). Columbus and his invention have caused both negative and positive consequences to the world. The discovery led the formation of European colonies and other social evils such as racial discrimination, slavery and the resultant independence struggles which all led to death and destruction on a mass scale. As a small boy Columbus helped his father in wool processing and selling.

Answer the following questions at a country of case study (your Essay

Answer the following questions at a country of case study (your choice) questions below,part of Energy and Environmental Security class - Essay Example Oil is their main source of energy. On average, current statistics place china as the largest importer of petroleum as well as other liquid fuels. China consumes its energy through oil production. It has the leading and most stable oil companies hence the efficiency in access. The oil prices keep shifting on the international market depending with China’s oil production. The country has seen to it that its large population consumes more of oil, as they produce it domestically and go further ahead to import more. The main sources of imported oil by china include, production from Russia, Kazakhstan and Myanmar. China has pipeline connection with those countries hence serve as one of their energy sources. Apart from oil, china is known to use coal as another of its primary source of energy. China is also world’s largest coal producer and consumer. Statistics and trends over the years indicate China as the country that consumes half the coal in the world. This is factual considering its large population over the years. Electricity in China is generated using coal as opposed to other countries that use renewable sources of energy for electricity. Among oil and coal as the leading energy producers for China, natural gas and several renewable energy plants are being employed in the country. Following the demand of natural gas, China opts to import it as it produces it in small amounts and has few sites for its production. Some renewable energy plants are underway in their set up using China’s deep waters. The reforms in energy productions are now being fronted by the government of China. China also uses Uranium and nuclear energy as some sources of fuel. The major trading countries of energy with China include India, The US, Europe and many other countries. India happens to be another populous country neighboring China. Being the two most populated countries, they both share trade in energy. On average they are the world’s largest energy

Justice, ethics & morality according to Marx and Nietzsche Research Paper

Justice, ethics & morality according to Marx and Nietzsche - Research Paper Example The current order is bound to change and will ultimately be superseded by new different form of society. Marx proceeds to argue that historical change is not an arbitrary succession; rather it develops through stages and involves progression (Sayers, 2013). Development is divided into several distinct stages or means of production. Feudalism gives way to capitalism which is eventually replaced by socialism. Each stage evolves from the previous form as a higher historical form. Each stage of the process is initially constituent to progressive development and is appropriate for its time relative to the conditions which it supersedes. However, each stage of the process constitutes only a transitory stage that inevitably perishes and is replaced by a higher more developed stage (Sayers, 2013). During the course of development, the favorable conditions for the emergence of the next stage begin to establish themselves within the present. As the process progresses, the present conditions cease to be progressive and become a hindrance to the process of development. This is the basis of Marx’s criticism of capitalism and advocacy for socialism. Marx regards both in historical terms and does not criticize the present on the basis of universal principles, rather it is immanent and relative (Elster, 1985). For instant, relative to feudal conditions from which capitalism evolves, capitalism is viewed as a progressive development. From the perspective of capitalist society, the hierarchical, feudal system with its privileges and restrictions on commerce, and trade is oppressive and unfair. However, as the conditions for a socialist structure takes shape within capitalism, it becomes a hindrance to further development. From the stand point of a higher society, the capitalist system appears to be an impediment to human development and unjustified. This standpoint emerges as the capitalist society develops and is

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay Becks theory states that Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events. From the cognitive perspective, we can say that depression is caused by ones thinking. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event occurs which relates to that person, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. Beck believed that the cognitive symptoms of depression actually precede the affective and mood symptoms of depression, rather than vice versa. Becks main argument was that depression was instituted by ones view of oneself, instead of one having a negative view of oneself due to depression. For example, Abela and DAlessandros (2002) found that the students negative views about their future strongly controlled the interaction between dysfunctional attitudes and the increase in depressed mood. The research clearly backed up Becks claim that those at risk for depression due to dysfunctional attitudes who did not get into their college of choice then doubted their futures, and these thoughts lead to symptoms of depression. The other cause of depression would be a persons interpersonal relationship with their surroundings and the people around them. Hammen and Brennan (2001) found that 13% of the sons and 23.6 % of the daughters who were depressed had depressed mothers as compared to 3.9% of the sons and 15.9% of the daughters who were depressed lacked a depressed mother. From the social perspective, we see that the child becomes depressed because of the interpersonal relationship with his or her mother which shows how the social environment around someone can influence the behaviour or thinking of the person. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. (Hammen Brennan, 2001, p. 8) This clearly contradicts becks argument that depression is cause by dysfunctional cognition but not vice versa. Hammen and Brennan (2001) discussed that adolescents gets depressed because of the interpersonal relationship with their mothers which then later lead them into dysfunctional cognitions. Whereas, beck states that dysfunctional attitudes comes first which then later on lead the person into depression. Another contradiction of these two concepts is that one states that depression is caused by the inner thinking without the influence of another person and on the contrary, the other is cause by the surrounding people and how they behave. Second Section Cognitive Theory Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events which is stated in Beck`s theory. We can say that depression is caused by ones thinking from the cognitive perspective. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event shows up, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events is caused by negative views of the future . Becks cognitive theory of depression has generated a vast body of empirical research.Central to Becks theory is the construct of schemas(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines schemas as stored bodies of knowledge that affect the encoding, comprehension and retrieval of information. The content and organization of different individuals schemas vary according to their particular experiences. Once activated, depressogenic schemas provide access to a complex system of negative themes and cognitions which will lead to ‘negative cognitive triad'(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines the negative cognitive triad as a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Beck hypothesizes that the negative cognitive triad is a sufficient cause of depression and will start showing some depressive symptoms such as deficits in affec tive, motivational, behavioural and physiological functioning(John R. Z. Abela,2000). Beck also states that there are three main dysfunctional belief themes (or schemas) that dominate depressed peoples thinking (Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D, 2007): I am defective or inadequate, All of my experiences result in defeats or failures, and The future is hopeless. Together, these three themes are described as the Negative Cognitive Triad. When these beliefs are present in someones cognition, depression is very likely to occur. Depressed people will tend to demonstrate selective attention to information, which matches their negative expectations, and selective inattention to information that contradicts those expectations. Faced with a mostly positive performance review, depressed people will manage to find and focus in on the one negative comment that keeps the review from being perfect. They tend to magnify the importance and meanings in the negative events, and minimize the importance and meanings in positive events. Usually this kind of situation will happen quite unconsciously which is will maintain a depressed persons core negative schemas in the face of contradictory evidence, and they will remain feeling hopeless about the future even when the evidence suggests that things will get better. Beck hypothesizes that depressogenic schemas are typically latent in individuals which vulnerable to depression and must be activated by relevant stressors or event in order to exert their influence on information processing(Becks (1967, 1983). In the absence of such aversive life events, depressogenic schemas remain inactive and do not exert an influence on patterns of thinking. Based on the research done by a group of researchers from Canada, (John R. Z. Abela and David U. DAlessandro,Department of Psychology, McGill University), they used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event. The method that they have used was 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a primary task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemas in all participants. Participants also observed on thier depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future shortly after they received their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 2) and four days later as (Time 3). The outcome from this research was consistent with the component of Becks theory. The participants who are dysfunctional attitudes predicted increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, according to the the causal mediation component of the theory, for negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was caused by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not mediated by negative views of the self. In addition, opposite to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3). Some studies have found no support for the diathesis-stress component of the theory. For example, using a psychiatric in-patient sample, Persons and Rao (1985) reported that irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms seven months after discharge. Similarly, using a three-month prospective design, Barnett and Gotlib (1988a, 1990) reported that dysfunctional attitudes did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms. Social Theory The early onset of depression commonly recalled by depressed adults. (Burke, Burke, Regier, Rae, 1990) The increasing rate of depression in youngsters is significantly impairing and it indicates recurrence and continuity into adulthood. One of the best empirically supported predictors of depression in youth is having a depressed mother. There is no single unifying social model of depression but rather various empirical and theoretical developments that emphasize interpersonal cognitions and behaviors. As for the mother, a key characteristic of the interpersonal perspective is a particular emphasis on the dysfunctional, abnormal or unhealthy interpersonal behavior or interaction within a group transaction between the person and the social environment. (Joiner Coyne, 1999) Depressed individuals often function poorly in marriages and relationships with family members. (Barnett Gotlib, 1988; Rao, Hammen, Daley, 1999; Weissman Paykel, 1974) They may engage maladaptively, adapting poorly to a situation with others in ways that contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal stressful life events, which eventually might cause further depression. (Davila, Hammen, Burge, Pa-ley, Daley, 1995; Hammen, 1991) Depressed people are often dependent on others and seek confidence in ways that distance others.(Barnett Gotlib, 1988; Joiner Metalsky, 1995) They often overvalue relationships as sources of self-worth but may also have acquired negative beliefs about the availability and trustworthiness of others .In turn, prolong course of depression may be due to negative attitudes by family members. (Hooley, Orley, Teasdale, 1986; Hooley Teasdale, 1989; Keitner et al., 1995) Although many of the interpersonal deficiencies noted in depressed individuals may be depressive state dependent, a number of the cited studies have indicated enduring difficulties even when the person is not currently depressed. Obviously not all depressive disorders are functionally linked to maladaptive interpersonal relationships; but research strongly suggests the importance of the contribution of social behaviors and beliefs in promoting depression and its recurrence. The acquisition of dysfunctional schemas about the self and others, and the deficiencies in interpersonal skills, may set the stage for vulnerability to depression, particularly when stressors are encountered that deplete or challenge the childs sense of worth, competence, and social relatedness. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and conflict life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to have dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and world. They more likely compared to depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. In my opinion, social vulnerabilities of offspring of depressed women may contribute to earlier onset of depressive disorders and worse clinical features. Although biological and genetic factors may heighten risk for early onset, acquisition of interpersonal vulnerabilities may also result in early experiences of depressive disorders. The homogeneity permits evaluation of differences between groups that are not mistaken with age effects. Moreover, young adolescence is a developmental period during which social activities and alliances outside of the family take on increasing importance. The most noticeable differences among the groups occurred in interpersonal functioning. Indicators of ongoing social role performance revealed more impaired functioning in social domains, with a particularly marked problem, not surprisingly, in relationships with family members for depressed youth of depressed mothers. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and conflict life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. They were significantly more likely than depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. However, It is interesting that depressed children of depressed mothers were more positive about their romantic appeal than depressed children of non depressed women, possibly indicating earlier involvement or greater. (Gotlib, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1998) An important implication of subgroup differences may be that the depressed youth of depressed women, because of interpersonal difficulties, will have earlier and more frequent recurrences of depression, which could result from stressors associated with inability to adapt to social demand. Moreover, it might be speculated that youth interpersonal difficulties might lead to adult social difficulties, including dysfunctional marital relationships and even transmission of depression to their own offspring. From the study, it is interesting that there was a tendency for a higher male proportion among the outcome of depressed women, while most of the depressed children of non depressed women were girls. In conclusion, the results are consistent with the perspective that depression among children of depressed mothers is especially likely to occur in the context of difficulties in their interpersonal skills and perceptions of others towards them. The youths difficulties may represent a mechanism of intergenerational transmission of depression that results in part from the parents own interpersonal difficulties acquired in their childhood family environments. Last but not least, aggressive treatment of the social dysfunctions has to be taken. Third Section Depression / Major depressive disorder Depression is a medical illness that involves the mind and body. It also known as major depression, major depressive disorder and clinical depression which is by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.. It affects patients feel, think and behave which lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. Major depression is a disabling condition which adversely affects a persons family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. Subtypes There are five further subtypes of major depressive disorder called specifiers to nothing the length, severity and presence of psychotic features: Melancholic depression loss of pleasure in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive weight or excessive guilt. Atypical depression mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection. Catatonic depression a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The person is mute and almost stuporose, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes, or may be caused by neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Postpartum depression (Mild mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium) refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or longer. Causes of Depression Depression has no single cause; often, it results from a combination of things. Whatever its cause, depression is not just a state of mind. It is related to physical changes in the brain, and connected to an imbalance of a type of chemical that carries signals in your brain and nerves. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Some of others factors involved in depression are: Family history Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families for generations. Trauma and stress Things like financial problems, the breakup of a relationship, or the death of a loved one can bring on depression. People can become depressed after any unwelcome change in life patterns, like starting a new job, graduating from school, or getting married can trigger a depressive episode.[1] Pessimistic personality People who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook are at higher risk of becoming depressed. These traits may actually be caused by low-level depression. Physical conditions Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they bring on. Depression can make medical conditions worse, since it weakens the immune system and can make pain harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be caused by medications used to treat medical conditions. For example, some medications that are used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, seizures, extreme pain, and to achieve contraception can result in depression. Even some psychiatric medications like some sleep aids and medications to treat alcoholism and anxiety can contribute to the development of depression. Lack of neurochemicals the depressive disorders appears to be associated with altered brain serotonin and norepinephrine systems. The different types of schizophrenia are associated with an imbalance of dopamine (too much) and serotonin (poorly regulated) in certain areas of brain. Both neurochemicals (serotonin and norepinephrine) are lower in depressed people. Other psychological disorders Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, persistent deprivation in infancy, physical or sexual abuse, clusters of certain personality traits, and inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) can increase the frequency and severity of depressive disorders Symptoms Feelings of sadness or unhappiness Irritability or frustration, even over small matters Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities Insomnia or excessive sleeping Changes in appetite — depression often causes decreased appetite and weight loss, but in some people it causes increased cravings for food and weight gain Agitation or restlessness — for example, pacing, hand-wringing or an inability to sit still Fatigue, tiredness and loss of energy — even small tasks may seem to require a lot of effort Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or blaming yourself when things arent going right Slowed in thinking, speaking or body movements, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things Frequent thoughts of death, dying or suicide Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches Treatments and Suggestion Psychotherapy Psychotherapy can be delivered to individuals or groups by mental health professionals including psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, counselors, and psychiatric nurses. Talking the[2]rapies help patients gain insight into their problems and resolve them through verbal give-and-take with the therapist. It reduces the recurrence of depression even after it has been terminated or replaced by occasional booster sessions. Types of therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help to identify and change thought and behavior patterns that contribute to depression. People who are depressed tend to think negatively. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients how to identify and challenge the negative thoughts and helps to obtain more satisfaction and rewards through their own actions. Interpersonal therapy looks at how depression can be connected to troubled emotional relationships. Interpersonal therapists focus on the patients disturbed personal relationships that both cause and exacerbate the depression. Psychodynamic therapy links depression to traumas and conflicts that happened earlier in your life, especially during childhood. It can be a short-term treatment, although it is often a longer process. The therapists focus on resolving the patients internal psychological conflicts that are typically thought to be rooted in childhood. Long-term psychodynamic therapies are particularly important if there seems to be a lifelong history and pattern of inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) in negative or self-injurious behavior. Group therapy allows you and other people with depression—or people with the same issues that contributed to your depression—to meet together with a therapist and share experiences. Antidepressants Antidepressants are treatment method by the help of medication to treat the physical state in the brain. Psychologists identified that when certain chemicals in the brain (such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are out of balance, depression can occur. People with chronic depression may need to take medication indefinitely to avoid relapse. Hence, antidepressants can be help to improve the symptoms of depression by bringing those chemicals back into balance. Some of the major types of antidepressants are discussed below: NDRIs (Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors) are a type of antidepressant that increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking their reuptake in the brain. Buproprion is the only antidepressant within this class of drugs approved by the FDA. Side effects may include weight loss, loss of appetite, and dry mouth. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) such as sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram are a widely used type of antidepressant. SSRIs increase serotonin in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake in the brain. These types of antidepressants can cause sexual side effects. SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) work in much the same way as an SSRI. SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs may also cause side effects similar to SSRIs. Electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure whereby pulses of electricity are sent through the brain via two electrodes, usually one on each temple, to induce a seizure while the patient is under a short general anaesthetic. ECT can have a quicker effect than antidepressant therapy and thus may be the treatment of choice in emergencies such as catatonic depression where the patient has stopped eating and drinking, or where a patient is severely suicidal. ECT is useful for certain patients, particularly for those who cannot take or have not responded to a number of antidepressants. ECT often is effective in cases where trials of a number of antidepressant medications do not provide sufficient relief of symptoms. This procedure probably works, as previously mentioned, by a massive neurochemical release in the brain due to the controlled seizure. Opinion In my opinion, there is more than one way to skin a mongoose. There are a lot of difference perspectives to look at the causes of depression. There might be environmental, biological, psychological, physical, or some incidents that cause individual to depress. It is quite difficult to differentiate between a depressed people from a normal one. Hence, by looking at the symptom of depression is one of the ways to diagnose the disease. Therefore, we will discussion about how depress symptom appears and may leads to occurrence of depression. At first, we choose to use cognitive theory as an approach to explain how people get depressed which can be apply in most cases. Cognitive theory saying that depression results from maladaptive, faulty, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and judgments. Depressed people think differently than non-depressed people, and it is this difference in thinking that causes them to become depressed. For example, depressed people tend to view themselves, their environment, and the future negative, pessimistic light. As a result, depressed people tend to misinterpret facts in negative ways and blame themselves for any misfortune that occurs. This negative thinking and judgment style functions as a negative bias; it makes it easy for depressed people to see situation as being much worse than they really are, and increases the risk that such people will develop depr essive symptoms in response to stressful situations. The depressive symptoms are also the cognitive approach to the depressive individual where all the symptoms are causes by themselves. For example, they have feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irri[3]tability or frustration, even over small matters, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, insomnia or excessive sleeping and others. All the symptoms are from patient mind. They tend to ignore positive information, pay exaggerated attention to negative information, and to engage in overgeneralization, which occurs when people assume that because some local and isolated event has turned out badly, this means that all events will turn out badly. For example, depressed people may refuse to see that they have at least a few friends, or that they have had some successes across their lifetime (ignoring the positive). Or they might dwell on and blow out of proportion the hurts they have suffered (exaggerating the negative). Other depressed people may convince themselves that nobody loves them or they always mess up (overgeneralizing). In addition, cognitive theory also suggested that people are shaped by the interactions between their behaviors, thoughts, and environmental events. Each piece in the puzzle can and does affect the shape of the other pieces. Human behavior ends up being largely a product of learning, which may occur vicariously, as well as through direct experience. Depressed peoples self-concepts are different from non-depressed peoples self-concepts as we mention earlier. They tend to hold themselves solely responsible for bad things in their lives and are full of self-recrimination and self-blame. They also tend to have low levels of self-efficacy (a persons belief that they are capable of influencing their situation). Therefore, they tend to set their personal goals too high, and then fall short of reaching them. Repeated failure further reduces feelings of self-efficacy and leads to depression. Nevertheless, of all the factors which by the depressed individual, they are just feeling directed toward themselves for blaming the failure and uselessness. However, there also a cause to major depression which is appearing of a stressful event triggered their depressive episode. The stressful event initiate depressive episodes create changes in the brains chemistry that make it more likely that future episodes of depression will develop. The stressful experiences often take away a persons sense of control and can cause great emotional upheaval and pain. Sometimes, even positive life changes such as getting married or having a baby can trigger a depressive episode. Another approach of theory which I personally think is very important causes to depression is by using Behavioral Theories. Behavioral Theories uses principles of learning theory to explain human behavior. Therefore, according to behavioral theory, we can say that dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as depression is learned. A person can be depressing because of the environmental stressors cause them to receive a low rate of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people fo something they find pleasurable and rewarding. When people receive positive reinforcement, it wills increases the chances that people will repeat the sorts of actions they have taken that led them to receive that reinforcement. In other words, people will tend to repeat those behaviors that get reinforced. However, depressed people do not know how to cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive reinforcements like they were before. A depressed people typically have a heightened state of self-awareness about their lack of coping skills that often leads them to self-criticize and withdraw from other people. For example, a man who has been fired from his job and encounters difficulty finding a new job might become depressed. In a nutshell, depression can be cause by the internal and external factors such as peoples thoughts, perceptions, evaluations, expectations, behavior and so on. Hence, at the last part of our research on depression, we had generated an equation for the causes of depression by using cognitive theory and behavioral theory which applicable for most of the depression cases. DEPRESSION = f { stressful events, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive symptoms, loss of positive reinforcement } [1] Subtypes of Depression—Diagnosis and Medical Management. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1237582/ [2] Understanding Depression Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help. Retrieved March 6 2010 from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_signs_types_diagnosis_treatment.htm [3] Depression Treatment. Therapy, Medication, and Lifestyle Changes That Can Help. Retrieved from 6 March 2010 from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/treatment_strategies_depression.htm

chocolate war :: essays research papers

2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier is a book about a boy named Jerry whose Mother died and who is living with his father. Ever since his mother’s death, Jerry hasn’t been the same; him and his Father hardly talk. Everything is going great for Jerry at Trinity his school. He made the football team the guys admired him and this girl from the bus stop smiled him. Everything was going well until the chocolate sales came. When he was assigned an assignment from the Vigils, a group of popular boys in the school, he did as they followed which was to refuse to sell chocolates, even though it was voluntarily to sell chocolates nobody ever refused. After 10 days when the assignment was over for some reason Jerry still refused to sell chocolates. That was when hell broke loose and the chocolate war was begun. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best part of the book The Chocolate War is the part when Jerry and Emile had fight. It was one of the big climaxes of this book. It had you on the edge wanting more. The whole book you wonder if something similar to this part would happen and then finally it does. There was a lot of action and detail which was good so it seemed as if you were there watching the fight. When I read this part a lot of emotions gathered up inside of me. I was angry about how the crowd was reacting and then I became happy because of the few shots that Jerry shot at Emile but then again I was upset that Emile beat Jerry up so bad that he fell unconscious in to a pool of his own blood. The worst part of this book was when Jerry called up the girl from his bus stop. I felt sad for him because she smiled at him everyday and then he went in the phone book to look for her and he found it and then he called and she didn’t even know who he was and she thought that he was some kind of sick pervert calling her.